Which condition is NOT associated with premature ventricular beats?

Premature ventricular beats (PVBs) are early heartbeats originating from the ventricles, and they can be associated with several medical conditions. In the context of the options given, the correct answer indicates that digoxin toxicity is not typically associated with PVBs.

Digoxin is a medication used primarily to treat heart conditions such as atrial fibrillation and heart failure. While digoxin toxicity can lead to a variety of cardiac disturbances, the arrhythmias most commonly observed in digoxin toxicity are often different from PVBs, such as atrial tachycardias or junctional rhythms. Therefore, digoxin toxicity does not specifically correlate with the occurrence of premature ventricular beats.

In contrast, other conditions like hypoxia, congenital heart disease (CHD), and irritation from catheters have well-documented associations with the development of PVBs. Hypoxia can lead to impaired myocardial oxygenation, increasing irritability and excitability of the cardiac cells, which may result in PVBs. Similarly, congenital heart disease can create structural abnormalities and electrical instability in the heart, contributing to ectopic beats. Lastly, mechanical irritation from catheters can cause local inflammation or direct stimulation of cardiac muscle, which can also provoke premature beats.

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